Some were expelled to Iran, others killed. Saddam thought of them as Iranian, and therefore as enemies. Fayli women were often imprisoned or put into camps. More than 5, males, some as young as 10, disappeared. Decades later the remains of Barzani men were discovered in a mass grave. They were reinterred in A letter that shows Saddam's direct involvement in the crimes was discovered in Baghdad. From February to September , Saddam conducted what has been called a genocidal campaign against the Kurdish population.
Human Rights Watch estimates between 50, and , died. Kurdish officials and some international human rights groups put the number killed as high as , Saddam was on trial for the Anfal campaign at the time of his execution.
Six defendants remain in the Al-Anfal case, including "Chemical Ali," who is facing charges of genocide. During the Anfal campaign, "Chemical Ali" ordered an attack against civilians in the town of Halabja.
Iraqi forces dropped bombs containing mustard and nerve gases. An estimated 5, men, women and children died in a single day. Many more died from long-term medical problems, and birth defects are still common in the area. Saddam attacked the Shiite "Marsh Arabs" by destroying their land.
Once a significant wetland, the marshes in southern Iraq were devastated by a government drainage plan that left behind a wasteland. In , , Marsh Arabs lived in the region. Now 90 percent of the area is in ruins and only an estimated 20, people remain. Tens of thousands live in refugee camps in Iran. Efforts are now underway to restore the marshes. Human Rights Watch calls the campaign against the Marsh Arabs a crime against humanity and other rights activists call it genocide.
There are claims chemical weapons also were used. In August of , Saddam ordered the Iraqi military, the fourth largest military in the world at the time, to invade Kuwait, leading to the Gulf War. Iraqi soldiers are accused of torturing and executing hundreds of Kuwaitis, as well as taking hostages and looting. More than oil wells were set on fire and pipelines opened, spilling oil into the Gulf.
He started out as a low-ranking member of the Party responsible for leading his schoolmates in rioting. In , however, he was chosen to be a member of an assassination squad. On October 7, , Saddam and others attempted but failed to assassinate the prime minister.
Wanted by the Iraqi government, Saddam was forced to flee. He lived in exile in Syria for three months and then moved to Egypt , where he lived for three years. In , the Baath Party successfully overthrew the government and took power, which allowed Saddam to return to Iraq from exile.
While home, he married his cousin, Sajida Tulfah. However, the Baath Party was overthrown after only nine months in power and Saddam was arrested in after another coup attempt. He spent 18 months in prison, where he was tortured before he escaped in July During the next two years, Saddam became an important leader within the Baath Party. In July , when the Baath Party again gained power, Saddam was made vice president.
Over the next decade, Saddam became increasingly powerful. On July 16, , the president of Iraq was forced to resign and Saddam officially took the position. Saddam Hussein ruled Iraq with a brutal hand, using fear and terror to stay in power. He established a secret police force that suppressed internal dissenters and developed a "cult of personality" to build public support. His goal was to become the leader of the Arab world, with territory to include the oil fields of the Persian Gulf.
Saddam led Iraq in a war against Iran from to , which ended in a stalemate. Also during the s, Saddam used chemical weapons against Kurds within Iraq, including gassing the Kurdish town of Halabja which killed 5, in March In , Saddam ordered Iraqi troops to take the country of Kuwait.
On March 19, , the United States attacked Iraq. Saddam fled Baghdad during the fighting. On December 13, , U. After a dramatic nine-month trial, he was found guilty of crimes against humanity, including killing and torture, and was sentenced to death. On December 30, , Saddam Hussein was executed by hanging; his body was later removed to a secret location.
The actions of Saddam Hussein have had a powerful impact on international politics for the 21st century. America's relationship with Iraq and other nations of the Middle East were strongly influenced by the conflicts with Saddam's Iraq. The fall of Saddam in was pictured around the world with images of his statue being pulled down by cheering Iraqis. Since Saddam's fall, however, a number of challenges made life in Iraq extraordinarily difficult; employment remains low, and the rise of Al Qaeda and the Islamic State ISIS led to violence.
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