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LONDON -- Bongani Sibeko was just a toddler when he and his family were forced to flee their home in apartheid South Africa , as Black men, women and children were dying at the hands of authorities upholding the country's legal system of racial segregation. As the son of revolutionaries, he found things weren't much different in the United States when they moved to New York City in the s. Although apartheid wasn't the law of the land there, he said he grew up as a Black man knowing that if he encountered police on the streets, "there was a very good chance I would not make it home.
Promised as the land of opportunity, America has long heralded itself as the world's beacon of democracy, freedom and progress. But many Black Africans and African Americans alike see the United States in a different light, saying the country's racist past is still very much a part of its present and that the recent death of George Floyd in police custody is a global tipping point for systemic racism.
Africa-based experts also point out close parallels between the plight of Black people in America and in southern Africa. While some are holding out hope that the groundswell of support from millions in the United States will propel systemic change through the Black Lives Matter movement, others are looking beyond America's shores to Africa for fresh perspective and in some cases a fresh start.
American history is a violent one. When European explorers and settlers arrived hundreds of years ago on the shores of what they called the "New World," they claimed the land as their own and slaughtered Indigenous tribes in the process. The Atlantic slave trade was born when European colonizers kidnapped Africans and began selling them as slaves to the British colonies in North America in But the racial segregation and economic discrimination of Black people was enforced openly in the South until the midth century through state and local legislation known as Jim Crow laws.
Experts said racial inequality remains deeply entrenched in American society today, as a lingering legacy of slavery and segregation. Justice Department. And though there is little research on police violence and racial bias, a peer-reviewed study published in the American Journal of Preventative Medicine in November , which examined data from a public health surveillance system on the use of lethal force by on-duty law enforcement officers from to in 17 U.
Experts said South Africa shares many of the features of structural racism that are found in the United States. When the National Party gained power in South Africa after the general election, its all-white government immediately started implementing its apartheid policy of racial segregation and economic discrimination against non-whites in the country as well as in the territory of South West Africa, the name for modern-day Namibia when it was under South African rule.
The system of apartheid was dismantled in the early s through a series of bilateral negotiations between the National Party and the African National Congress, the leading anti-apartheid political movement at the time. Nelson Mandela, president of the African National Congress party, was then elected as the country's first Black head of state during the general election, the first in which South African citizens of all races were allowed to vote.
However, experts said white South Africans have retained economic, social and cultural power, enjoying a far better standard of living and quality of life than their non-white counterparts.
National Transfer Accounts data from shows the average lifetime work-related earnings for whites peaks at over , South African rand per year, while for non-whites the peak is 70,, according to a recent paper by the United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research.
Police brutality also remains an issue in post-apartheid South Africa as well as in other African nations, including Kenya and Nigeria. Experts agreed that the only major distinction between the apartheid system and Jim Crow is the fact that Black people make up a majority of the population in South Africa, while they are the minority in the United States.
Both groups were working to end racial segregation and white majority rule in South Africa, and they had taken up arms in the wake of the Sharpeville massacre, when the national police force opened fire on a group of unarmed Black protesters, killing 69 of them. As commander of the Pan Africanist Congress' paramilitary unit in the Vaal area, David Sibeko devised a plan to sabotage a train carrying South Africa's then-minister of justice, who had allegedly ordered the secret hangings of more than a dozen anti-apartheid activists.
But he was captured on the night of the operation and held in detention for months. David Sibeko was ultimately acquitted of the charges, and the Pan Africanist Congress leadership advised him to go into exile with his wife and children. Bongani Sibeko was 3 at the time. Criticism also came from other countries, and some of these gave support to the South African freedom movements.
There were also Indian and Coloured organized resistance movements e. We shall consider the ANC. It was started as a movement for the Black elite, that is those Blacks who were educated. In , the ANC sent a deputation to London to plead for a new deal for South African blacks, but there was no change to their position.
The history of resistance by the ANC goes through three phases. The first was dialogue and petition; the second direct opposition and the last the period of exiled armed struggle. In , just after apartheid was introduced, the ANC started on a more militant path, with the Youth League playing a more important role. The ANC introduced their Programme of Action in , supporting strike action, protests and other forms of non-violent resistance. This campaign called on people to purposefully break apartheid laws and offer themselves for arrest.
It was hoped that the increase in prisoners would cause the system to collapse and get international support for the ANC. Black people got onto 'white buses', used 'white toilets', entered into 'white areas' and refused to use passes.
Despite 8 people ending up in jail, the ANC caused no threat to the apartheid regime. The ANC continued along the same path during the rest of the s, until in some members broke away and formed the PAC. These members wanted to follow a more violent and militant route, and felt that success could not be reached through the ANC's method. Background and policy of apartheid Before we can look at the history of the apartheid period it is necessary to understand what apartheid was and how it affected people.
What was apartheid? Original architects of Apartheid Image source Apartheid Laws Numerous laws were passed in the creation of the apartheid state. Here are a few of the pillars on which it rested: Population Registration Act, This Act demanded that people be registered according to their racial group. Some other important laws were the: Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, Immorality Amendment Act, Separate Representation of Voters Act, Resistance before Resistance to apartheid came from all circles, and not only, as is often presumed, from those who suffered the negative effects of discrimination.
Further Reading. Horace Mann bond before the United Nations special committee on the policies of Apartheid of the government of the Republic of South Africa.
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