The safety profile and tolerance of citicoline is excellent and no serious adverse events have been reported in clinical trials of citicoline at dosages ranging from mg to 4, mg per day. Side effects are mild never severe and rare, mainly consisting of gastrointestinal discomfort, irritability, uneasiness and restlessness. Citicoline has also undergone several toxicological studies and has been proven safe. Citicoline affects acetylcholine, dopamine, and glutamate neurotransmitter systems; serves as an intermediate in phospholipid metabolism; and enhances the integrity of nerve membranes.
Interest has grown in citicoline as a treatment for addiction since it may have beneficial effects on craving, withdrawal symptoms, and cognitive functioning, as well as the ability to attenuate the neurotoxic effects of drugs of abuse. See: Reward Deficiency Syndrome. Most addiction research has evaluated citicoline for cocaine and methamphetamine use although it is suggested that citicoline may also hold promise for other addictions including alcohol, cannabis dependence and binge eating.
Although not well studied in opioid addiction, the benefit of citicoline is also suggested. Citicoline appears to decrease craving and is associated with a reduction in cocaine use, especially in patients with both bipolar disorder and cocaine addiction. Experimental studies in both animals and humans have suggested that citicoline has ability to promote learning ability and memory. In a double blind, crossover trial, it was showed that citicoline improved the ability to recall words and objects.
A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial published in evaluated the effects of citicoline on attention in 60 healthy women aged 40 to 60 years who supplemented with mg of citicoline, mg of citicoline, or placebo for 28 days. Upon testing at the completion of the study, participants taking either the or mg dose of citicoline demonstrated significantly fewer commission errors doing something wrong than those taking placebo.
The authors also concluded that both dosages of citicoline were equally effective at improving attentional performance in healthy adult women. The initial study found that citicoline improved delayed recall memory, but only in those who had relatively inefficient memories. That subgroup of 32 participants was then trialed with a dose of 2, mg of citicoline per day compared to placebo.
In this subset of adults with relatively inefficient memories, citicoline improved immediate and delayed logical memory.
A well-publicized European clinical trial involving 2, patients the ICTUS trial , published in the Lancet in , showed that citicoline did not affect global outcomes following stroke. However, patients received citicoline or placebo for a total of only 6 weeks post-stroke and some authors have argued that the duration of the trial was too short to detect positive results.
The VITA study evaluated patients with moderate-to-severe neuro- logical deficits resulting from stroke. In this study, an intravenous 2 gram dose of citicoline for days was effective at improving functional independence, reducing the burden of care, and improving temporal orientation, attention, and executive functions for up to 2 months.
A meta-analysis of 12 clinical trials published in concluded that citicoline significantly improves functional outcomes after stroke or traumatic brain injury TBI. In addition, citicoline has an ability to increase dopamine synthesis so may allow for the reduction of levodopa dosage. Citicoline has also been shown to reduce post-concussion symptoms including improvements in recognition memory, and decreased incidence of headaches, dizziness, and tinnitus.
A report published in showed that citicoline may reduce appetite in healthy adults. Using functional MRIs to detect activation of certain areas of the brain in response to food stimuli, it was shown that 2, mg per day of citicoline altered brain activity and decreased appetite in healthy adults.
This is preliminary and further research may show that citicoline could play a role in appetite control or eating disorders. Citicoline is the precursor to acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, and also the precursor to sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine—structural components of cell membranes.
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is also intimately connected with nerve networks associated with memory. The causes of the nerve structural changes, which lead to cognitive deterioration and are associated with this disease, are unknown.
It has been proposed that citicoline may reverse these age-dependent changes in brain cells. Mitochondrial Function and Brain Energy. Bipolar disorder. Cocaine addiction. Sample Use Guides. The first dose is within 24 hours of injury and treatment continues for days or until the day outcome assessment.
Route of Administration: Oral. It was discovered that insulin receptor substrate-1 IRS-1 represented a potent modulator of pro-angiogenic signalling cascades in vascular EC, thus was shown that citicoline induces phosphorylation of IRS-1 and concomitant EC activation and increased vascularisation, that could be a key novel mechanism of action of citicoline.
Activator Approved Phase IV Selective accumulation of cytosol CDP-choline as an isolated erythrocyte defect in chronic hemolysis. Memory effects of the new derivative of the p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid adafenoxate compared to the effects of some cognition-enhancing drugs in rats. Metabolism and actions of CDP-choline as an endogenous compound and administered exogenously as citicoline.
A randomized dose-response trial of citicoline in acute ischemic stroke patients. Citicoline Stroke Study Group. Cytidine-5'-diphosphocholine improves visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and visually-evoked potentials of amblyopic subjects. Take As directed by your doctor or follow the direction printed on the product insert. Dosage is bAsed on your condition. Tell your doctor if your condition persists or worsens.
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