The short, and unsatisfying, answer to this question is…it depends. It can be difficult to determine which indicators will be accurate across the board because individual studies can only examine a certain number of factors at one time. They also generally look at very specific combinations. Collectively, however, these studies provide small pieces that help fill out the larger picture over time.
Chronic kidney disease progression has been studied extensively, but the majority of studies have focused on the causes of kidney function decline and the likelihood of CKD to progress to end-stage renal disease ESRD —not necessarily the speed of that progression.
The goal of accurately, consistently predicting the speed of chronic kidney disease progression remains at the forefront of CKD research. Findings show that the rate is influenced by many factors and can vary widely, particularly in later stages of the disease.
While the rate of disease progression will be different for everyone, multiple studies have shown that reliable indicators of faster progression include:. Additional factors that various studies have shown to indicate a faster progression of CKD include:. As the above studies show, there is a myriad of factors that can contribute to how fast chronic kidney disease progresses. As a result, our knowledge of the disease and our ability to make accurate predictions about its trajectory remains imperfect, despite continued progress.
Research has taught us that there are steps we can take to slow CKD progression and protect your kidneys. Beyond the above findings, research shows additional indicators, which can, at times, seem contradictory. You may experience no symptoms and have no visible complications.
Some damage is present. This includes eating a balanced diet, regularly exercising, and not using tobacco products. Maintaining a healthy weight is important, too.
Stage 2 kidney disease is still considered a mild form, but detectable issues like protein in urine or physical damage to the kidneys may be more obvious. The same lifestyle approaches that helped in stage 1 are still used in stage 2.
Also talk with your doctor about other risk factors that could make the disease progress more rapidly. These include heart disease, inflammation, and blood disorders. At this stage kidney disease is considered moderate. Stage 3 kidney disease is sometimes divided into 3A and 3B. A blood test that measures the amount of waste products in your body differentiates between the two. Symptoms may become more apparent at this stage.
Swelling in hands and feet, back pain, and changes to urination frequently are likely. Lifestyle approaches may help. Your doctor may also consider medications to treat underlying conditions that could speed up failure. Stage 4 kidney disease is considered moderate to severe.
Symptoms can include complications like anemia, high blood pressure, and bone disease. A healthy lifestyle is still vital. Your doctor will likely have you on treatments designed to slow damage. In stage 5, your kidneys are nearing or are in complete failure. Symptoms of the loss of kidney function will be evident. These include vomiting and nausea, trouble breathing, itchy skin, and more.
There are several treatments for kidney failure. The type of treatment you need will depend on the reason for your kidney failure. Dialysis filters and purifies the blood using a machine. The machine performs the function of the kidneys.
Depending on the type of dialysis, you may be connected to a large machine or a portable catheter bag. Another treatment option is a kidney transplant. A transplanted kidney can work normally, and dialysis is no longer needed. If you have a living donor the process may go more quickly. You must take immunosuppressive drugs after the surgery to prevent your body from rejecting the new kidney.
These drugs have their own side effects, some of which are serious. Transplant surgery might not be the right treatment option for everyone. The guidelines for what you eat will often depend on the stage of kidney disease you have and your individual health.
Some recommendations might include:. Beyond these general guidelines, you may also be told to avoid certain foods if you have kidney disease. Urine color can raise flags for potential problems.
GFR can be estimated eGFR using formulas that take into account your age, sex and a blood test called creatinine. Kidney failure is most often found when the creatinine level is high, indicating that kidney function is reduced. Creatinine is a molecule made by your muscles. A normal kidney will remove creatinine from the blood stream and get rid of it in urine. More creatinine in the blood is a sign that the kidneys aren't cleaning the blood as well as they should.
This test can spot something is wrong before a patient with kidney failure feels sick. To treat AKI, you have to treat the cause such as blood pressure that is too high or too low, a kidney stone or high blood sugar. Sometimes you need dialysis for a short time. Dialysis is a way to remove extra salt, acid, potassium and waste products from the blood.
The 2 types of dialysis are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Hemodialysis: For hemodialysis, a tube catheter is stuck into one of the veins in your neck or leg.
Preferably, an access, or arteriovenous fistula, is constructed in the arm. Hemodialysis is most often done 3 times a week for 3 to 4 hours at a time.
Peritoneal dialysis: Peritoneal dialysis is done through a tube permanently set in your belly. Fluid is then run into the abdomen, takes out the extra salt and potassium and water, and then removed. Overview Kidney cross section Open pop-up dialog box Close. Kidney cross section Blood enters your kidneys through your renal arteries. Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic. Share on: Facebook Twitter. Show references Ferri FF.
Acute kidney injury. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor Elsevier; Accessed July 16, Goldman L, et al. In: Goldman-Cecil Medicine.
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